Automatic injector

ABSTRACT

An injector is automatic in that the needle is inserted into the injection site (e.g., a patient&#39;s skin) with user or caregiver assistance, the delivery is automatically initiated upon needle insertion, and the needle is retracted automatically after the end of delivery. Preferably the needle is not seen by the user prior to, during or after injection. Prior to and after injection, the needle is hidden in the device so as to avoid any potential injury or health risk to the user or health care provider. The injector includes a housing and a shield arranged to slide relative to the housing and a driver moving during drug delivery. The housing and shield form a cartridge enclosure. The cartridge is shielded and locked after delivery is completed. A needle-locking mechanism can be used in any number of pen-like injectors or safety needles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

This invention relates to the preparation and administration of a product into a living organism (e.g. the human body), and more particularly to an apparatus for automatically and safely delivering the product.

2. Description of Related Art

Previously, various devices have been developed for the delivery of medications into and through the skin of living organisms. These devices include syringes in which a liquid drug solution is delivered through the skin of a user from a syringe chamber by movement of a syringe plunger to move the drug solution from a syringe chamber through a syringe needle inserted under the skin. The drug solution is generally in liquid form, and can be a mixture of the drug (e.g. powdered, lyophilized, concentrated liquid) and a diluent (e.g. dextrose solution, saline solution, water).

It is well known that many people are apprehensive about receiving an injection from a needle. This problem is even more significant for those who must administer their own medication. It is known that needle phobia can be minimized by hiding the needle before, during and after delivery. It is therefore preferable that the person who receives the drug should not see the needle, which often triggers the fear of needle insertion.

It is also preferable for the needle to be protected before and after delivery of the drug. While a needle can be protected with a removable cap, it is preferable for the needle to be secured within the delivery device before the needle is inserted through the patient's skin and after the needle is shielded. Preferably the needle is enclosed in the device after use and locked into final position after injection. The needle insertion is assisted by the user or caregiver while its shielding is automatic, so that the user does not prematurely expose the needle for injection or have to guess when delivery is completed.

It is also preferable for such a device to provide indications for assisting in the correct use of the automatic injector. Indications could be visual, audible or tactile and are provided at the start or completion of any stage of system use.

A user or patient could be injured if an injection device were activated prematurely. Generally, such a device projects its needle from the end of a barrel and ejects the dose. Such actions can cause injury if the needle pierces another person or is injected into an undesired area of the patient (e.g., an eye). Accordingly, it is advantageous if the needle is in a safe location before and after use to prevent accidental injury or contamination.

It is further desirable to have a simple, reliable system that facilitates safe preparation and delivery of a drug. Dosage amounts may vary from one patient to another. At present, there is no easy way for a patient to self-administer a dosage of drug via an automatic injection system where the dosage amount may be easily changed prior to delivery and easily delivered. Moreover, there is a need to further improve the ability of the user to minimize residual drug in the container or system. Also, there is a need to enable the user to eliminate any air bubbles that may be trapped in the drug container prior to use.

It is also desirable to provide a delivery system where the dosage for delivery is easily viewed by the patient prior and after use. The user's inability to see the dosage form prior to use creates a significant sense of unease in the user in that the user wants to ensure that the proper dosage is in the system and ready for delivery. More importantly, the user's inability to see the dosage form prior to use leaves the user concerned that the dosage may be faulty, or, for example, have foreign particles trapped and if present, may result in injury or harm to the user. The user's inability to view the dosage being delivered and the end of delivery leaves the user with a level of uncertainty as to the amount delivered and the delivery being completed. Thus, it is extremely important to the user's peace of mind to provide an area in which to view the dosage prior to and after delivery. As will be discussed in detail later, the injection device of the present application provides this opportunity.

Further, it is desirable to provide a delivery system that is easy to use at a low cost. Moreover, it is desirable to provide a system that is easy to integrate with the drug container, thereby providing flexibility in meeting the requirements of different drug containers like pre-filled syringes/cartridges. For example, it is important to accommodate standard cartridges with a needle cover including a rigid plastic cover. Moreover, it is desirable to have a system that can accommodate cartridges filled on standard filling lines. It is desirable to provide a system characterized by a small number of components indicating low product costs.

The following are exemplary existing automatic injectors.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,406 (Gabriel, et al.); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,234 (Gabriel) disclose a plunger which is telescopically received within a tubular element causing the needle penetration, drug delivery and securing the needle. Beside it being a telescope type mechanism the system is using two springs and the detection of end of delivery is controlled by packaging parts and not by the cartridge only.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,309 (Marshall, et al.) discloses an injector having a drive member held in a rearward primed position by a detent provided in the body of the device. When the device is applied to a patients skin and a rear end cap is pressed forwardly, the forward ends of ribs wedge tongues inward (or pivot) until they clear the detents formed by the forward ends of the slots. A coil spring shoots a cylinder forward for injection and delivery. This invention is involving the packaging parts in order to detect end of delivery and is using two springs—one to penetrate and deliver and the second to shield.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,181 (Crossman, et al.) and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0093036 (Crossman, et al.) are mechanisms to deliver drugs in a parenteral method and to shield the penetrating needle after use. Both mechanisms use double springs and do not use the cartridge to detect the end of delivery. In 2003/0093036 (Crossman, et al.) the user is expected to manually trigger the needle shield and to decide when to do that. The evolution between these two applications is in making the device simpler and more accurate. Nevertheless, the basic principles remain the same.

The following exemplary patents are mentioned as they relate to needle retraction mechanisms. Several disclose axially-aligned spring-driven needle extenders and retractors. These include U.S. Pat. No. 5,779,677 (Frezza); U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,369 (Wilmot, et al); U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,151 (Wilmot); U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,094 (Stewart, Jr., et al.) and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2001/0005781 (Bergens et al.). In all of these references, the function is served by a set of axially-positioned springs; in some, two springs are in use and in others, such as Stewart's and Bergens, even three springs are used. None of the references includes a mechanism for cartridge-shape detection.

In U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030105430 (Lavi, et al.), the functions are served by a mechanism of ten parts, including two springs. The mechanism performs a combination of slide and rotate move, the end of delivery is detected by the packaging parts and not by the shape of the cartridge. The design is characterized by high complexity and costs.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,203 (Pickhard) discloses a device for automatically injecting liquids and comprises an axially-divided housing wherein the parts can be removably assembled. The design employs a cartridge with a separate needle assembly and three springs resulting in high complexity.

However, to the best of Applicants' knowledge, none of the exemplary references discussed previously discloses or suggests the mechanism of the present invention. This invention implements the triggering of the mechanism by pushing on the injection site, insertion of the needle by advancing the housing and cartridge, automatic delivery using the driving means, automatic end of delivery sensing mechanism using the shape of the cartridge for detection, and automatic needle extraction and shielding using the same driving means. Simplicity in implementing these functions within the discussed invention is a major difference as compared to other known devices.

All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an exemplary embodiment, an automatic injector for delivering a fluid includes only five components: a housing, a cartridge, a shield, a driver and a spring. The housing has a proximal end and a distal end, and includes means arranged to activate the injector. The drug cartridge is positioned within the housing and the shield and includes a barrel, a stopper, and a needle extending toward the distal end of the housing. The barrel is arranged to contain a fluid in communication with the needle. The stopper is slidingly located within the barrel for forcing the fluid through the needle upon activation of the injector. The driver is in communication with the housing and the shield. The driver is arranged to act on the stopper when disengaged from the housing.

The injector also includes a mechanism that automatically shields the cartridge with the needle upon the end of delivery. In addition, this exemplary embodiment of an injector may also include a needle-locking device that locks the needle within the housing after use; further, this exemplary embodiment may include a rod arranged for moving the stopper for titration before delivery; this exemplary embodiment may include a window that allows a user to inspect the dosage before delivery and titrate.

The shield mechanism in this exemplary embodiment might require a well defined force to insert the needle into the tissue. This required force is prolonged in time and travel and is designed to assure the user fully inserts the needle into the tissue based on the inertia of human motion.

The completion of the un-shielding and insertion of the needle results in this exemplary embodiment in an automatic triggering of the injection process. The injection is driven by the energy of the driving means. The injection in this exemplary embodiment is continued until the full content of the cartridge is delivered.

The completion of the delivery results an automatic shielding of the cartridge needle. In this exemplary embodiment the spring bypasses the driver and forces the extraction and shielding of the needle. The shield is automatically moved to a locked position shielding the cartridge needle. An excessive force would be required to overpower the shield retention feature after the shield is placed in the locked, discard position.

Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent in the description given hereafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals designate like elements and wherein:

FIG. 1 is an external view showing an injector construed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention and the shield sliding on the housing;

FIG. 2 is an external view showing an injector construed in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the invention and the shield sliding inside the housing;

FIG. 3 is a longitudinal section view showing an injector construed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, shield on the housing, illustrating the cartridge support by the housing;

FIG. 4 is a longitudinal section view showing an injector construed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, shield inside the housing, illustrating the cartridge support by the housing, and the observation window;

FIG. 5 is a longitudinal section view showing an injector construed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, shield on the housing, illustrating the driver;

FIG. 6 is a view similar to that of FIG. 5, but showing the injector in a state wherein the protective cap is removed;

FIG. 7 is a force profile with respect to the shield displacement for an injector construed in accordance with an exemplary embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a force profile with respect to the injector operation timing for an injector construed in accordance with an exemplary embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a partial external view of the injector, shield on the housing, showing the injector in a state wherein the shield is slightly depressed and a section of the cylindrical part of the shield obscuring the driver is removed;

FIG. 10 is a partial sectional view of the injector as illustrated in FIG. 6, but showing the injector in a state wherein the shield is slightly depressed

FIG. 11 is a partial external view of the injector showing the injector in a state wherein the shield is further depressed and a section of the cylindrical part of the shield obscuring the driver is removed;

FIG. 12 is a partial external view of the injector showing the injector in a state wherein the shield is fully depressed and a section of the cylindrical part of the shield obscuring the driver is removed;

FIG. 13 is a partial sectional view of the injector as illustrated in FIG. 6, but showing the injector in a state wherein the shield is fully depressed;

FIG. 14 is an isometric view of the driver of the exemplary embodiment with shield on the housing, when engaged with the housing;

FIG. 15 is a partial isometric view of the deformed driver section of the exemplary embodiment with shield on the housing, which latches during disengagement from the housing;

FIG. 16 is a partial isometric view of the deformed driver section shield on the housing, which latches during delivery;

FIG. 17 is an external isometric view of the housing, of the exemplary embodiment with shield on the housing;

FIG. 18 is an isometric view of the housing with a removed section, of the exemplary embodiment with shield on the housing;

FIG. 19 is an isometric view of the shield from the proximal end, of the exemplary embodiment with shield on the housing;

FIG. 20 is an isometric view of the shield from the distal end, of the exemplary embodiment with the shield on the housing, with a cylindrical section partially removed;

FIG. 21 is a view similar to that of FIG. 6, but showing the injector during the beginning of drug delivery;

FIG. 22 is a view similar to that of FIG. 6, but showing the injector during the middle of drug delivery;

FIG. 23 is a view similar to FIG. 6, but showing the injector at the end of delivery;

FIG. 24 is a view similar to FIG. 3, but showing the injector at the end of delivery;

FIG. 25 is a partial sectional view of the injector illustrating the details of the shield locking mechanism of the automatic injector of the exemplary embodiment with the shield on the housing;

FIG. 26 is an isometric view of the driver, of the exemplary embodiment with the shield inside the housing, when engaged with the housing;

FIG. 27 is a partial isometric view of the driver of the exemplary embodiment with the shield inside the housing, with latches deformed during delivery;

FIG. 28 is an external isometric view of the housing of the exemplary embodiment with shield inside the housing;

FIG. 29 is an isometric view of the housing with a removed section, of the exemplary embodiment with shield inside the housing;

FIG. 30 is an isometric view of the shield from the proximal end, of the exemplary embodiment with shield inside the housing;

FIG. 31 is an isometric view of the shield from the distal end, of the exemplary embodiment with the shield inside the housing, with a cylindrical section partially removed;

FIG. 32 is a partial sectional view of the injector, shield inside the housing, showing the injector in a state wherein the shield is slightly depressed and the section shown through the middle of the latch;

FIG. 33 is a partial sectional view of the injector as illustrated in FIG. 32, but showing the injector section through a side of the driver latch;

FIG. 34 is a partial sectional view of the injector as illustrated in FIG. 32 but showing the injector in a state wherein the shield is further depressed and the driver is disengaged from the housing;

FIG. 35 is a partial sectional view of the injector illustrated in FIG. 33 but showing the injector in a state wherein the shield is further depressed and the driver is disengaged from the housing;

FIG. 36 is a partial sectional view of the injector illustrating the details of the shield locking mechanism of the shielded automatic injector of the exemplary embodiment with the shield inside the housing;

FIG. 37 is illustrating an exemplary embodiment of the filled cartridge of the present invention;

FIG. 38 is an isometric view of the shield from the proximal end illustrating an alternative embodiment of the mechanism for generating the force profile defined in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8;

FIG. 39 is an isometric view of the housing illustrating an alternative embodiment of the mechanism for generating the force profile defined in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 with the shield inside the housing;

FIG. 40 also illustrates the alternative embodiment of the mechanism for generating the force profile defined in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 whereby the driver, driving means, and the cartridge are removed;

FIG. 40A illustrates the arrangement prior to use;

FIG. 40B illustrates the automatic injector with a deployed shield;

FIG. 40C illustrates shielded discard position.

FIG. 41 is a view similar to that of FIG. 6, of an exemplary embodiment of the invention and the shield sliding on the housing but showing the titration mechanism employing a threaded rod;

FIG. 42 is a view of an alternative titration mechanism of an exemplary embodiment of the invention and the shield sliding on the housing employing a smooth rod;

FIG. 43 is a view of an alternative titration mechanism of an exemplary embodiment of the invention with the shield sliding inside the housing but showing the titration employing a ratchet mechanism;

FIG. 44 is a view similar to that of FIG. 37, but showing an alternative approach for creating flanges;

FIG. 45 is a view similar to that of FIG. 37, but showing an alternative cartridge with double sided needle;

FIG. 46 is a view of the automatic injector of an exemplary embodiment of the invention with the shield sliding on the housing with the safety clip;

FIG. 47 is a view of the automatic injector of an exemplary embodiment of the invention with the shield sliding on the housing with the safety clip removed;

FIG. 48 is a view of the cartridge and driver sub-assembly;

FIG. 49 is a view of the assembly process of the cartridge/driver and housing/spring sub-assemblies merger; and

FIG. 50 is a view of the final assembly step of merging the shield with the sub-assembly from FIG. 49.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to automatic injectors and needle-locking devices. The injector is automatic in that the needle at a distal end of the injector is unshielded with the user assistance; the needle is inserted into the injection site (e.g., a patient's skin) with the user assistance; delivery is automatically initiated upon insertion of the needle, and the needle is automatically shielded after the end of delivery. The exemplary injectors include a tight relationship between the position of the shield and the force required for its displacement. Moreover, the exemplary injectors include a rod that provides titration as described below.

The term distal refers to the end or direction of the injector that is applied to an injection site for delivery. The term proximal refers to the end of the injector that is opposite the distal end. The exemplary embodiments show each injector having a distal end from which the needle is exposed for delivery, and a proximal end opposite the distal end.

Preferably the needle is not seen by the user prior to, during or after injection. Prior to and after injection, the needle is covered and/or protected by the shield so as to avoid any potential injury or health risk to the user or health care provider.

Without being limited to any particular theory, the needle-shielding mechanism can be used in any number of pen-like injectors or other types of injectors or syringes. The needle-shielding mechanism includes a position-dependent controlled shield force that insures a needle assembly is shielded within an injector before use and is in a shielded and locked position after use. For purposes of illustration, the needle-locking device is shown in combination with a drug cartridge inserted in the injector.

Without being limited to a particular theory, the disclosed exemplary embodiments include: (a) a disposable device having a disposable pre-filled cartridge; (b) a disposable pre-filled injector with drug titration (needle concentric to housing), an automatic injector with the shield sliding on the housing and an automatic injector with the shield sliding inside the housing.

Referring to FIGS. 1-50, there is shown at 10 an automatic injector constructed in accordance with exemplary embodiment of this invention. In particular, the injector 10 includes a housing 100, a shield 200, a driver 300 (FIG. 3), a cartridge 500, and a driving unit 400 (FIG. 3). Preferably, examples of the injector 10 also include a leaf spring 131 (FIG. 3) extending from the housing 100, as will be described in more detail below. In this embodiment, the shield 200 slides on the housing 100.

Referring to FIGS. 1-50, there is shown also at 30 (FIG. 2) an automatic injector constructed in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of this invention whereby the shield 250 slides inside the housing 160. In particular, the injector 30 includes a housing 160, a shield 250, a driver 350, a cartridge 500, and a driving unit 450. Preferably, examples of the injector 30 also include a leaf spring 285 (FIG. 4) extending from the shield 250, as will be described in more detail below.

The housing 100 is interfaced with the shield 200 forming enclosure for the cartridge 500 as is shown in FIG. 3. Externally, the automatic injector 10 represents a pen-like cylindrical structure as is illustrated in FIG. 1. The injector 10 has a distal end 11 from which the needle is exposed for delivery, and a proximal end 12 opposite the distal end 11. Without being limited to a particular theory, the term distal refers to the end or direction of the injector that is applied to the injection site for delivery, and the term proximal refers to the end or direction opposite the distal end or direction.

In the exemplary embodiment with the shield 250 sliding in the housing 160, the housing 160 is interfaced with the shield 250 forming enclosure for the cartridge 500, as is shown in FIG. 4. Externally, the automatic injector 30 represents a pen like cylindrical structure as is illustrated in FIG. 2. The injector 30 has a distal end 31 from which the needle is exposed for delivery, and a proximal end 32 opposite the distal end 31. Without being limited to a particular theory, the term distal refers to the end or direction of the injector that is applied to the injection site for delivery, and the term proximal refers to the end or direction opposite the distal end or direction. Both embodiments 10/30, either with the shield sliding on the housing or with the shield sliding inside the housing, retain the basic mechanisms.

In the exemplary embodiment 10 with the shield 200 sliding on the housing 100, the housing 100 has a proximal surface equipped with finger like extensions 104 (FIG. 3). These extensions have latches 105 and 106 intended to capture the flanges 513 of the cartridge 500 barrel (see FIG. 3). Furthermore, the housing 100 and the shield 200 form an enclosure that houses the driver 300 and the driving means 400. By way of example only, the driving means may comprise a spring 400, as illustrated in FIG. 3 and FIG. 5. The driver 300 is maintained in its initial position while interlocked with the housing 100. The driver 300 is preloaded by the compressed spring 400.

In the exemplary embodiment 30 with the shield 250 sliding inside the housing 160 the housing 160 has a proximal end surface equipped with finger like extensions 164 (FIG. 4). These extensions have latches 165 and 166 intended to capture the flanges 513 of the cartridge 500 barrel (see FIG. 4). Furthermore, the housing 160 and the shield 250 form an enclosure which is housing the driver 350 and the driving means 450. Preferably, the driving means may comprise a spring 450, as illustrated in FIG. 4. The driver 350 is maintained in its initial position while interlocked with the housing 160. The driver 350 is preloaded by the compressed spring 450.

The first step in the use of the automatic injector is the removal of the protective cap 540 (needle cover) of the needle 512 illustrated for the shield on housing embodiment. The cap may comprise one component, e.g., an elastomeric protective cap 541. Alternatively, the protective cap 540 may further comprise a second component, e.g., a rigid plastic protective cap 542. The protective cap 540 of the needle 512 protrudes through the distal end of the auto injector (see FIG. 1 and FIG. 2). It is removed from the injector in the first step of use to open the fluid path as illustrated in FIG. 6. The protective cap 540 also protects the shield 200 from accidental impact before use.

The automatic injector of the exemplary embodiments have a minimal number of parts. To achieve the minimal number of components, the initial step of needle deployment (the needle insertion into the tissue) is implemented by the user while pushing the injector toward the injection site. The insertion of the needle automatically triggers the release of the driver and initiates the injection.

The displacement of the shield while pushing the shield toward the injection site results in the disengagement of the driver from the housing. The displacement of the shield over the initial part of the shield travel requires a substantial force over a short distance as shown in FIG. 7. The force 700 required to displace the shield increases rapidly with the initial displacement 711 of the shield. It remains high during the initial segment of the travel 712 and then rapidly decreases over a short travel distance 713. The shield displacement force remains low over the second part of the travel 714. The force applied by the user to the automatic injector drops to close to zero after the shield is displaced and the needle is fully inserted at 715.

The high initial shield displacement force over a short distance assures that the shield is fully displaced and the needle fully inserted due to the inertia of the human motion. The automatic injector requires from the user about 1 kg of force for the shield displacement over the initial part of the shield travel.

The profile of the shield displacement force as a function of time 750 is illustrated in FIG. 8. Applied forces of 731, 732, 733, 734 and 735 correspond respectively to displacements 711, 712, 713, 714 and 715.

The driver 300, housing 100 and the shield 200 have a set of features intended to facilitate the disengagement of the driver from the housing at a force defined above. The operation of the automatic injector will become clear from a detailed description of the automatic injector components and component interactions.

The driver in the exemplary embodiment of the invention with the shield sliding on the housing is initially engaged to the housing as illustrated in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10. The secure engagement prevents an accidental release of the spring due to a potential impact during storage or transportation. The action of shield displacement by the user is preformed in three stages. Initially, the shield rails 221 apply a tangential force to driver fingers pads 316 bringing these together. The direction of the applied force is illustrated in FIG. 15 with arrows. During further motion the shield rail 222 is pushing radially on the latch finger pads 316 (see FIG. 11). The direction of the force is also illustrated in FIG. 16 with arrows. Latch fingers 314 are bent radially eventually disengaging the driver 300 from the housing 100.

The driver movement relative to housing is initiated. The drug delivery starts as illustrated in FIG. 12 and FIG. 13. At this stage the tangential force applied to latch fingers 314 is substantially reduced. The fingers 314 spread to an unloaded position while the bending of the fingers 314 toward the barrel 511 (FIG. 23) persists through delivery time

The driver 300 is slidingly located within the housing. When the driver 300 is disengaged from the housing 100, the injector 10 is activated. The driver is biased by the spring 400. The spring 400 causes the driver to slide forward towards the distal end of the automatic injector 11 (FIG. 21). The driver 300 moves the stopper through the barrel 511 forcing the fluid in the barrel through the needle 512 to be delivered into an injection site. An intermediate position of the driver is illustrated in FIG. 22.

The driver 300 (see FIG. 14) of the exemplary embodiment of the invention with the shield sliding on the housing is comprised of a base 330, driver rod 320 and side fingers 310. The side fingers 310 have a core 311 attached to the base 330. On the opposite end fingers 311 have protrusions 312 abating the barrel and latches 313 engaged with the housing. The latches consist of two latch fingers 314 equipped with protruding sections 315. These sections 315 have an overhang section 316.

After the driver is disengaged from the housing the latch fingers are deflected radially as illustrated in FIG. 16. The latch finger 314 deflection allows the driver to slide in the housing.

The housing 100 (see FIG. 17 and FIG. 18) is a cylindrical part with two primary areas: a cylindrical section 101 and a second cylindrical section 102 with a reduced outside circumference matching the internal circumference of the shield 200. The housing 100 also has a base 103. The base 103 has two fingers 104 with latches 105 and 106. The latches 105 and 106 capture and hold the barrel of the cartridge after assembly.

The housing 100 has two symmetrical slits 120 with a long narrow section 121 and a wide opening 122. The wide opening 122 accepts the driver latch fingers 314 to engage the driver and the housing in the assembly. Overhang sections 316 in an unstressed state are wider than the opening 122 additionally securing the driver to the housing.

The housing contains two symmetrical openings 130 with built in leaf springs 131. These leaf springs are attached to the housing 100 at the base 132. The leaf springs serve to secure the shield in a shielded position after completion of delivery as is described below.

The automatic injector has an observation window 800 (see FIG. 9) and a reduced-length observation window 820 (see FIG. 12). This window is located in section 102 of the housing and is formed by the housing slots 113 jointly with the matching slots 225 in the shield 200. The observation window exposes the barrel to the user. The housing area 111 with an increased diameter extends onto and envelops the shield with its extensions 112 to provide an improved holding ability and support for the user during the operation of the injector.

The housing also has two flattened areas 123. These areas accommodate protrusions on the inner shield surface.

The shield 200 (see FIG. 19 and FIG. 20) is a cylindrical part with a cylindrical section 201. Its internal circumference corresponds to the external circumference of the housing 100 in section 102. The shield 200 has two external flats 202. Furthermore, the shield has a base 204 with an opening 205 to accept the cartridge needle. The base 204 has two elevated ring-like features 206 and 207 to improve interface with the subcutaneous site.

The shield has furthermore two elevated areas 220 on the inner surface. These form outer fingers 221 engaging the overhang sections 316 of the latch fingers of the driver and during operation push the protruding latch fingers 314 together. The elevated section also forms the central finger 222 for disengaging the driver from the housing. Shield latches 223 prevent disassembly of the device and secondary exposure of the needle after shielding of the cartridge.

Toward the end of injection, protrusions 312 of the driver fingers 311 slide off the barrel 511 allowing the fingers 311 to deflect toward the reduced-diameter neck N of the cartridge 500. This motion allows the spring 400 to slide over the latches 313 and engage the base of the shield 204 as illustrated in FIG. 24. Simultaneously the spring 400 deflects the leaf spring 131 as illustrated in FIG. 24. Thus, these protrusions 312 form a “change of barrel diameter”detector for the driver 300.

The spring acting on the base of the shield 204 provides a substantial force resulting in an extraction of the cartridge needle from the subcutaneous tissue and the return of the shield to its extended position as illustrated in FIG. 25. Furthermore, the spring impacting the base of the shield provides a clear tactile and audible indication of the end of drug delivery.

The spring 400 forces the leaf springs 131 attached to the housing 100 outward. The latch of the shield 223 interacts with the leaf spring 131, thereby preventing a repeated displacement of the shield 200. The shield 200 of the automatic injector is further prevented from moving off the housing 100 by a ring like feature 136. The automatic injector now has a shielded needle and is ready for disposal.

Another exemplary embodiment with the shield inside the housing is further described in FIG. 26 through FIG. 36. The driver 350 (see FIG. 26) of the exemplary embodiment of the invention with the shield sliding inside the housing is comprised of a base 380, driver rod 371 and side fingers 360. The side fingers 360 have a core 361 attached to the base 380. On the opposite end, fingers 361 have protrusions 362 abutting the barrel 511 and latches 363 engaged with the housing. The latches consist of two latch regions 365 of lower height and an elevated section 364.

The housing/driver disengagement mechanism is different in this exemplary embodiment. The latch 363 deflects only in the radial plane being forced inward by the shield 250 wedged between the housing and the driver as will be described below.

The housing 160 (see FIG. 28 and FIG. 29) is a cylindrical part with two primary areas: a knurled section 161 and a cylindrical section 162. The internal circumference 181 is matched to the external circumference of the shield 250. The housing 160 also has a base 163. The base 163 has two fingers 164 with latches 165 and 166. The latches 165 and 166 capture and hold the barrel of the cartridge after assembly.

The housing 160 has a pair of symmetrical latches 172. These latches interact with the shield after use to lock it in a shielded position. Housing latches 172 prevent disassembly of the device and secondary exposure of the needle after delivery. The other pair of latches 173 releasably attaches the driver 350 to the housing 160.

The housing 160 further has a pair of symmetrical openings 171. These openings together with openings in the shield 250 form observation windows.

The shield 250 (see FIG. 30 and FIG. 31) is a cylindrical part with a cylindrical section 251. Its external circumference matches the internal circumference of the housing 160 in section 162. The shield contains two symmetrical openings 280 with built-in leaf springs 281. These leaf springs are attached to the shield 250 at the base 282. The leaf springs serve to secure the shield in a shielded position after completion of delivery as is discussed below. Furthermore, the shield has a base 254 with an opening 253 to accept the cartridge needle. The base 254 has two elevated ring-like sections 256 and 257 to improve interface with the subcutaneous site.

The shield has furthermore two elongated openings 270. These form an observation window in conjunction with the housing openings 171. The shield furthermore has ribs 291. These ribs support the spring 450.

The shield 250 has symmetrical slits 271. These slits have a wide section 272 followed by a narrower section 273. The front of the narrower section is tapered 274. This taper 274 of the shield disengages the driver from the housing during activation, as illustrated in FIG. 32 through FIG. 35.

The beginning of the driver 350 and housing 250 disengagement process is illustrated in FIG. 32 and FIG. 33. The driver latch 363 extensions 364 are engaged to the housing pins 173. The shield disengagement taper 274 is pushed between the latch 365 and the housing 160. Eventually, the driver latch 364 is deflected and disengaged from the housing as illustrated in FIG. 34 and FIG. 35.

The operation of the automated shielding process of the embodiment with the shield inside the housing is similar to that of the shield on the housing. The spring 450 acting on the base of the shield 254 provides a substantial force resulting in an extraction of the cartridge needle from the subcutaneous tissue and the return of the shield to its extended position as illustrated in FIG. 36.

The typical Hypak cartridge 500 is illustrated in FIG. 37. It has a barrel 510 consisting of a glass barrel 511 with a staked needle 512. The glass barrel 511 has flanges 513. The barrel is filled with drug 530. The drug is sealed by a stopper 520 which is in a sliding relationship with the barrel. The needle is shielded by a protective cap 540 made from an elastomeric component 541 abutting the needle. The needle protective cover 540 frequently has a rigid plastic protective cup 542 simplifying the cap removal.

Device with Titration:

The titration is made feasible by the observation window. Only when the cartridge is observed can the user titrate the content of the cartridge and expel the air. Three examples for implementing the titration are detailed in FIG. 41, FIG. 42 and FIG. 43.

The injector 20 of the exemplary embodiment of the invention with the shield sliding on the housing includes a rod 600 protruding through the opening 197 in the base of the housing at the proximal end of the injector as illustrated in FIG. 41. The driver 325 has an internal rod passageway 322 to accommodate titration rod 600. The titration rod has a threaded section 610 engaged with the threaded section of housing 198 of the opening in the housing 197. Rod also has an unthreaded section 620 abutting the stopper 520 and a knurled knob 630 for hand operation.

Alternative to the threaded titration rod is a rod without a thread in FIG. 42. The rod 601 extends through an opening 199 of a rear wall 193 at the proximal end of the injector 21. The rod 601 has an unthreaded section 621 abutting the stopper 520 for pushing it during titration.

Another alternative is a titration rod with a ratcheted surface. The injector 40 of the exemplary embodiment of the invention with the shield sliding on the housing includes a rod 602 protruding through the opening 192 in the base of the housing at the proximal end of the injector as illustrated in FIG. 43. The driver 375 has a rod 322 hollow internally 325 to accommodate titration rod 602. The titration rod has a toothed section 612 engaged with the ratchet 187 and no-back latch 186 of the housing 185. Rod 602 also has a section without ratchets 622 acting on the stopper 520. The ratcheting mechanism is formed as part of the housing 185. It is fixed at the hinge 191 with the tooth 189 engaging the housing. The travel of the ratchet 187 is limited by a limiter 180. The titration mechanism with a ratchet allows for an incremental propulsion of the rod toward the stopper.

Use of the Device:

As shown in FIG. 6 of the preferred embodiment, the first step in the use of the injector 10 is to remove the safety cap 540. Then the automatic injector 10 is applied to the injection site and depressed by pushing on the housing 100. This action results in the exposure and insertion of the needle 512. It also releases the driver 300 automatically initiating the injection.

During the injection time, the holding force is minimal as illustrated by element 736 in FIG. 8. Upon completion of the injection the spring 400 moves toward the shield 200. The force acting on the shield increases to the level of the spring force as illustrated by 721 and 737, respectively, in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8. This force leads to the extraction of the needle from the tissue and shielding of the needle by the shield 200. The spring force somewhat decays through the motion (see displacement 722 and force 738). At the end of the shielding, the shield is locked. The injector is ready for disposal.

Without being limited to a particular theory, as an example of the balances of forces working in the injector, it generally takes about 1.0 kgf (10 Newtons) to displace the shield 200 by about 5 mm. The initial injection force of the driving unit 400 is, for example, about 1.5 kgf (15 Newtons), and the final pushing force during shielding is about 1 kgf. Dynamic friction takes, for example, 0.2 kgf (2 Newtons), at maximum.

The leaf spring 131 does not affect the operation of the injector 10 before or during delivery. However, during retraction, the spring 400 bypasses the leaf spring 131 and deflects it. The shield 200 is locked between the leaf spring 131 and the latch 223 preventing potential axial movement of the shield and consequential re-exposure of the needle 512. In other words, the shield 200 is locked to the housing 100 and unable to move.

Use of the Device with Titration:

The first step in using this injector 20 (or 21 or 40) is to remove the safety cap 542 out of the opening 205 at the distal end of the injector. Then any residual air in the cartridge 500 could be purged and the amount of liquid in the syringe can be adjusted to the required dosage by titration. The titration is achieved by positioning the injector 10 vertically so that the needle 512 is upright and by moving the titration rod 600 (or 601 or 602) toward the stopper and thus, moving the unwanted air and drug out of the injector through the needle.

Titration solves the problem of removing residual air commonly included in pre-filled syringes, which is a by-product of the filling technology. Titration also releases potential high static friction between the stopper 520 and the barrel 511 caused by non-movement over a long period of time (e.g., storage).

In order to minimize the amount of drug collected inside the injector during titration, the injector could be turned needle down after the residual air is purged as observed through the window.

The housing 100 and the shield 200 of the exemplary embodiment of the invention with the shield sliding on the housing preferably include a window that allows a user to view the contents and amount of dosage in the cartridge 500 before, during and after delivery. This window is also essential for the titration. FIGS. 9 and 12 are isometric views of the injector 10. FIG. 9 corresponds to the injector 10 at the stages before the injection and during titration. It is important to have a full window to observe the barrel contents during preparation to injection. FIG. 12 shows the injector 10 during injection when the size of the observation window is substantially reduced. At this stage the drug is not observed. After delivery, the observation window 800 of the injector 10 is again at the original length with the empty cartridge and spring being visible through the window for inspection.

In summary, a user looking through the window 800 of injector 10 can observe the amount of dosage in the cartridge 500. During storage, the cartridge 500 is filled with the drug solution. During titration, extra solution and air bubbles are pushed out of the barrel 500.

The injector 30 of the exemplary embodiment of the invention with the shield sliding inside the housing has a full size observation window also during injection as illustrated in FIG. 4. The opening 171 in the housing 160 is matched to the length of the active cartridge area. The opening 270 in the shield 250 is substantially longer providing for a consistent cartridge visualization before, during and after injection.

The injectors constructed in accordance with the exemplary embodiments provide a safe and efficient approach to delivering a drug into a patient. The injector would be used as a disposable device and can incorporate various combinations of the features described herein.

Alternative Embodiments:

An alternative embodiment of the present invention could have a different latching mechanism as illustrated in FIG. 40A, FIG. 40B and FIG. 40C of the exemplary embodiment of the invention with the shield sliding on the housing. The cutouts of the housing form a pattern providing locking of the shield for disposal and preventing second shield displacement.

The shield 240 has two pins 233 interacting with a slotted housing 150. The housing cutouts are illustrated in FIG. 40A and are defined by numerals 140 through 147. Housing 150 contains two cutouts 140. Cutout 140 creates a shaped latch 141. Latch 141 is attached to housing section 152 at base 144. Latch 141 is formed from two sections 142 and 147 connected by 143. The latches 141 are separated by a gap 145.

FIG. 40A illustrates the operation of this alternative latching mechanism. Only housing 150 and shield 240 are shown for clarity. Furthermore a section of the shield 240 and housing 150 are removed. FIG. 40A illustrates assembly before displacement. FIG. 40B illustrates a displaced shield. FIG. 40C illustrates a discard position. Pressing the shield 240 against injection site causes bending of latches 142 and closing of the air gap 145. At the end of shield 240, displacement latch 142 is released and returns to its original shape as illustrated in FIG. 40B. Once delivery is completed, action of spring 400 forces shield 240 to retract. Pins 233 move into the gap between latches 142 and expand the air gap 145 by a bending latch elements 142 and 147. The pins 233 reach their final position as shown in FIG. 40C. These pins 233 prevent re-exposure of the needle. Protrusion 146 of latches 121 further increase the holding force provided by the housing 150 and shield 240.

In summary, prior to the shield 240 displacement, the pins 233 are located inside the hooks 142 formed by the cutouts in the housing (see FIG. 40A). During shield 240 displacement the hooks deflect and allow the pins 233 to move axially inside the housing cutouts 140 to a position illustrated in FIG. 40B. During the return of the shield 240 the pins 233 deflect the hooks 142 and end up at the base of the hooks. The hook protrusions 146 further assist the locking function of the hook and pins.

An alternative embodiment of the present invention could have a different cartridge as illustrated in FIG. 44. The barrel 510 of the cartridge is lacking the flange. A flange 514 is added to the cartridge assembly.

Another alternative embodiment of the present invention could have a different cartridge as illustrated in FIG. 45. The barrel 510 of the cartridge is lacking the flange. A flange 514 is added to the cartridge assembly. Furthermore, the needle is activated (pushed to penetrate the stopper 522 for titration and drug delivery).

The exemplary embodiments show each injector having a distal end from which the needle is exposed, and a proximal end opposite the distal end. In the exemplary embodiments, the injector deploys its needle with user assist, delivers the drug in the cartridge and shields the needle. Preferably the injector provides a distinct end of delivery indication (e.g., a “click-type” effect and associated tactile feedback). The injector can be assembled around a cartridge. As a further feature of some exemplary embodiments, the cartridge includes a stopper that can be moved within the syringe barrel for titration by a rod, a threaded back rod, or a ratcheted rod. The rod can be moved in one direction only for titration. It is not connected to the stopper or the driver and allows for unimpeded delivery.

The injector provides various safety features for minimizing potential exposure of the needle. These features include false activation prevention mechanisms. In particular, a safety ring 900 is illustrated in FIG. 46 and FIG. 47 and provides this function. The ring 900 prevents activation of the automatic injector. Only after the ring is removed is the activation possible.

Alternatively, the high force for moving the shield at the beginning of use prevents premature displacement of the shield. Furthermore, the needle-locking mechanism locks the needle after use. The injector optionally includes damping material (e.g., the bushing, shock absorbing tab) for shock and noise reduction. The injector provides linear rate control using a low elasticity constant spring, preferably in the form of an expansion spring. The expansion spring can be made longer so that the cartridge stopper moves over a small longitudinal range compared to the length of the spring, thereby allowing the force of the spring to be consistent over the smaller range.

The delivery devices of the exemplary embodiments allow for accurate titration and measurement of the amount of compound to be injected. Moreover, since the end of delivery is clear, no eye contact is required for indication of the end of delivery, thus making the delivery easier when the user cannot see the observation window.

As a person skilled in the art would readily understand, delivery of the fluid drug is determined not only by the driving unit or spring. It also depends on fluid properties and the fluid's path geometry. Therefore, delivery curves will not be identical to spring reaction curves. The fluid acts as a hydraulic damper and its resistance to flow is related to the force applied to it.

The driving unit in the exemplary embodiments can be a spring. The compression spring is preferably used in the embodiments having a substantially symmetrical housing cross-section. The required motion range and the accumulated thickness of the coils limit this initial compression.

The driving spring is the most available element to control delivery. The main feature provided from the spring is a low elasticity constant. A low constant provides a more uniform delivery profile, more flexibility in controlling delivery duration, spring load reduction during shelf life, and it provides sufficient force at the end of the injection cycle. Using long springs provides the benefit of improving delivery time control and profile by changing the spring's constant of elasticity and by allowing preloads.

Moreover, this invention overcomes other problems associated with the prior art. For example, the driver and springs overcome the problems of needle phobia and needle injury. In addition, the injectors include a rod that provides the advantage of titration to allow a patient to measure and self-administer a dosage via an automatic injection system, with the rod automatically separating from the stopper before delivery. The injectors with a rod also enable the user to minimize residual drug in the system and to eliminate air bubbles that may otherwise be trapped in the automatic system prior to use. Further, the window provides the user with the ability to see dosage formulation prior to use, and to see that the drug has been delivered after use.

It should be apparent from the aforementioned description and attached drawings that the concept of the present application may be readily applied to a variety of preferred embodiments, including the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein. For example, other driving and retraction units, such as elastomeric “O” rings or compressed gas may be used in place of the compression springs disclosed herein to bias the driver, as readily understood by a skilled artisan.

The assembly process for the exemplary embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 48 through FIG. 50. The initial step includes the assembly of the cartridge 500 with the driver 300. The spring 400 is assembled with the housing 100. The driver/cartridge subassembly is merged with housing/spring subassembly. Adding the shield completes the automatic injector. The assembly process is simple due to the small number of components.

It is further appreciated that the present invention may be used to deliver a number of drugs. The term “drug” used herein includes but is not limited to peptides or proteins (and mimetic thereof), antigens, vaccines, including DNA vaccines, hormones, analgesics, anti-migraine agents, anti-coagulant agents, medications directed to the treatment of diseases and conditions of the central nervous system, narcotic antagonists, immunosuppressants, agents used in the treatment of A/DS, chelating agents, anti-anginal agents, chemotherapy agents, sedatives, anti-neoplastics, prostaglandins, antidiuretic agents and DNA or DNA/RNA molecules to support gene therapy.

Typical drugs include peptides, proteins or hormones (or any memetic or analogues of any thereof) such as insulin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene regulating protein, atrial natriuretic protein, colony stimulating factor, betaseron, erythropoietin (EPO), interferons such as alpha., .beta., or .gamma. interferon, somatropin, somatotropin, somastostatin, insulin-like growth factor (somatomedins), luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), oxytocin, estradiol, growth hormones, leuprolide acetate, factor VIII, interleukins such as interleukin-2, and analogues or antagonists thereof, such as IL-1 ra, thereof; analgesics such as fentanyl, sufentanil, butorphanol, bup renorphine, levorphanol, morphine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, methadone, lidocaine, bupivacaine, diclofenac, naproxen, paverin, and analogues thereof; anti-migraine agents such as sumatriptan, ergot alkaloids, and analogues thereof; anti-coagulant agents such as heparin, hirudin, and analogues thereof; antiemetic agents such as scopolamine, ondansetron, domperidone, metoclopramide, and analogues thereof; cardiovascular agents, anti-hypertensive agents and vasodilators such as diltiazem, clonidine, nifedipine, verapamnil, isosorbide-5-mononitrate, organic nitrates, agents used in treatment of heart disorders, and analogues thereof; sedatives such as benzodiazepines, phenothiozines, and analogues thereof; chelating agents such as deferoxamine, and analogues thereof; anti-diuretic agents such as desmopressin, vasopressin, and analogues thereof; anti-anginal agents such as nitroglycerine, and analogues thereof; anti-neoplastics such as fluorouracil, bleomycin, and analogues thereof; prostaglandins and analogues thereof; and chemotherapy agents such as vincristine, and analogues thereof, treatments for attention deficit disorder, methylphenidate, fluoxamine, Bisolperol, tactolimuls, sacrolimus and cyclosporin.

While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific examples thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. 

1. An injector for automatically injecting and delivering fluids into a living being, said injector comprising: a housing having a first proximal end and a first distal end that is open; a cartridge having a barrel containing a fluid, said cartridge further comprising a displaceable stopper at a second proximal end and a needle at a second distal end, said cartridge being fixed within said housing; a driver engaged within said housing for driving said stopper to dispense the fluid from said barrel and through said needle when disengaged from said housing; a needle shield being in sliding engagement with said first distal end of said housing and comprising an opening for permitting said needle to pass therethrough; and a single spring, engaged with said driver, that is released by a user force, said single spring displacing said driver for automatically injecting and delivering the fluid into the living being and for automatically acting against the needle shield to remove the needle from the living being while concealing the needle once the fluid delivery is complete.
 2. The injector of claim 1 wherein said second distal end of the barrel comprises a reduced-diameter portion and wherein said driver comprises members that ride along the barrel when said driver is disengaged from said housing, said single spring acting against said needle shield whenever said members contact said reduced-diameter portion.
 3. The injector of claim 1 wherein said driver comprises latches for engaging said housing and wherein said single spring acts against said latches to move said driver when said latches are disengaged from said housing.
 4. The injector of claim 3 wherein said needle shield is positioned against the living being and application of said user force causes said needle shield to disengage said latches from said housing.
 5. The injector of claim 2 further comprising a locking mechanism that prevents the needle shield from being displaced toward said housing after said single spring has acted against said needle shield.
 6. The injector of claim 1 wherein said user force is approximately 10 Newtons.
 7. The injector of claim 5 wherein said needle shield slides on said housing.
 8. The injector of claim 5 wherein said needle shield slides inside said housing.
 9. The injector of claim 4 wherein said driver comprises a driver rod that engages said stopper.
 10. The injector of claim 2 wherein said single spring acting against said needle shield provides the user with a tactile and audible feedback of the end of the fluid delivery.
 11. The injector of claim 7 wherein said locking mechanism comprises leaf springs in said housing that are forced inward of said housing when said single spring acts against said needle shield, said needle shield further comprising latches on an inside surface of said needle shield, said latches on said inside surface of said needle shield engaging said leaf springs, thereby preventing said needle shield from being displaced toward said housing.
 12. The injector of claim 8 wherein said locking mechanism comprises latch members in an inner surface of said housing and said needle shield comprises corresponding latch members located on an outside surface of said shield, said corresponding latch member located on said outside surface engaging said latch members on said inner surface of said housing, thereby preventing said needle shield from being displaced toward said housing.
 13. The injector of claim 7 wherein said locking mechanism comprises pins and pin-slots that are used on said housing and needle shield respectively to prevent said needle shield from being displaced toward said housing after said single spring has acted against said needle shield.
 14. The injector of claim 8 wherein said locking mechanism comprises pins and pin-slots that are used on said housing and needle shield respectively to prevent said needle shield from being displaced toward said housing after said single spring has acted against said needle shield.
 15. The injector of claim 9 wherein said housing further comprises an observation window to permit the user to see the contents of the barrel.
 16. The injector of claim 15 further comprising a titrating rod that passes through an opening in said first proximal end, said titrating rod passing through a passageway in said driver rod and contacting said stopper for dispensing the fluid during titration, said titrating rod not being coupled to said stopper.
 17. The injector of claim 16 wherein said titrating rod comprises a smooth shaft portion for axial movement with respect to a housing axis.
 18. The injector of claim 16 wherein said titrating rod comprises a threaded shaft portion for rotational axial movement with respect to a housing axis.
 19. The injector of claim 16 wherein said titrating rod comprises a ratcheted shaft portion for incremental axial movement with respect to a housing axis.
 20. The injector of claim 1 further comprising a safety ring releasably secured between said housing and said needle shield, said ring arranged to prevent activation of said injector when said ring is engaged between said housing and said needle shield.
 21. An injector for automatically injecting and delivering fluids into a living being, said injector comprising: a housing having a first proximal end and a first distal end that is open; a cartridge having a barrel containing a fluid, said cartridge further comprising a displaceable stopper at a second proximal end and a needle at a second distal end having a reduced-diameter portion, said cartridge being fixed within said housing; a driver engaged within said housing for driving said stopper to dispense the fluid from said barrel and through said needle when disengaged from said housing, said driver comprising members that slide along said barrel and detect said reduced-diameter portion; a needle shield being in sliding engagement with said first distal end of said housing and comprising an opening for permitting said needle to pass therethrough; and driving means, engaged with said driver, that is released by a user force, said driving means displacing said driver for automatically injecting and delivering the fluid into the living being, said driving means also automatically acting against said needle shield to remove the needle from the living being while concealing said needle when said reduced-diameter portion is detected.
 22. The injector of claim 22 wherein said driving means is a single spring.
 23. The injector of claim 22 wherein said driver comprises latches for engaging said housing and wherein said single spring acts against said latches to move said driver when said latches are disengaged from said housing.
 24. The injector of claim 23 wherein said needle shield is positioned against the living being and application of said user force causes said needle shield to disengage said latches from said housing.
 25. The injector of claim 22 further comprising a locking mechanism that prevents the needle shield from being displaced toward said housing after said single spring has acted against said needle shield.
 26. The injector of claim 21 wherein said user force is approximately 10 Newtons.
 27. The injector of claim 25 wherein said needle shield slides on said housing.
 28. The injector of claim 25 wherein said needle shield slides inside said housing.
 29. The injector of claim 24 wherein said driver comprises a driver rod that engages said stopper.
 30. The injector of claim 22 wherein said single spring acting against said needle shield provides the user with a tactile and audible feedback of the end of the fluid delivery.
 31. The injector of claim 27 wherein said locking mechanism comprises leaf springs in said housing that are forced inward of said housing when said single spring acts against said needle shield, said needle shield further comprising latches on an inside surface of said needle shield, said latches on said inside surface of said needle shield engaging said leaf springs, thereby preventing said needle shield from being displaced toward said housing.
 32. The injector of claim 28 wherein said locking mechanism comprises latch members in an inner surface of said housing and said needle shield comprises corresponding latch members located on an outside surface of said shield, said corresponding latch member located on said outside surface engaging said latch members on said inner surface of said housing, thereby preventing said needle shield from being displaced toward said housing.
 33. The injector of claim 27 wherein said locking mechanism comprises pins and pin-slots that are used on said housing and needle shield respectively to prevent said needle shield from being displaced toward said housing after said single spring has acted against said needle shield.
 34. The injector of claim 28 wherein said locking mechanism comprises pins and pin-slots that are used on said housing and needle shield respectively to prevent said needle shield from being displaced toward said housing after said single spring has acted against said needle shield.
 35. The injector of claim 29 wherein said housing further comprises an observation window to permit the user to see the contents of the barrel.
 36. The injector of claim 35 further comprising a titrating rod that passes through an opening in said first proximal end, said titrating rod passing through a passageway in said driver rod and contacting said stopper for dispensing the fluid during titration, said titrating rod not being coupled to said stopper.
 37. The injector of claim 36 wherein said titrating rod comprises a smooth shaft portion for axial movement with respect to a housing axis.
 38. The injector of claim 36 wherein said titrating rod comprises a threaded shaft portion for rotational axial movement with respect to a housing axis.
 39. The injector of claim 36 wherein said titrating rod comprises a ratcheted shaft portion for incremental axial movement with respect to a housing axis.
 40. The injector of claim 21 further comprising a safety ring releasably secured between said housing and said needle shield, said ring arranged to prevent activation of said injector when said ring is engaged between said housing and said needle shield.
 41. A method for automatically injecting and delivering a fluid into a living being, said method comprising the steps of: disposing a cartridge inside an injector housing having a first proximal end and a first distal end, said cartridge having a barrel having a second proximal end and a second distal end, said second proximal end having a movable stopper thereat and said second distal end having a reduced-diameter portion having a needle thereat; providing a needle shield to be in sliding engagement with said injector housing at said first distal end, said needle shield comprising an opening to permit said needle to pass therethrough; latching a driver inside said injector housing against the bias of a single spring, said driver having a driver rod engaged with said stopper; positioning said needle shield and opening against the living being; applying a sufficient force to said injector housing to de-latch said driver while driving said needle shield towards said housing and inserting said needle into the living being; displacing said stopper by said driver under the action of said single spring to dispense the fluid into the living being; and detecting said reduced-diameter portion and permitting said single spring to act directly against said needle shield to withdraw said needle from the living being while concealing said needle.
 42. The method of claim 41 further comprising the step of latching the needle shield to said injector housing thereby preventing said needle shield from being displaced and re-exposing said needle after the needle has been withdrawn from the living being.
 43. The method of claim 41 wherein said step of detecting said reduced-diameter portion comprises members that ride along said barrel during driver displacement.
 44. The method of claim 41 wherein said sufficient force comprises approximately 10 Newtons.
 45. The method of claim 43 wherein said step of displacing said stopper by said driver comprises said single spring acting against a portion of said driver adjacent said members that ride along said barrel. 